Lex Publica

Environmental Management and Justice System in Bangladesh: Issues and Legal Framework

Abdullah-Al-Monzur Hussain — 2025-12-13

This paper presents environmental justice in Bangladesh, which is connected with the human development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Environmental justice is essential for human rights, which affects human lives as well as the sustainable development of the country. Environmental justice ensures all people’s enjoyment of human rights, economic development, and health protection; above all, a healthy environment for life. Various environmental issues like global warming, overpopulation, waste disposal, ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity, and deforestation are harmful to human lives. The environmental problems in Bangladesh are climate change, cyclones, floods, drought, earthquakes, riverbank erosion, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, etc.

Digital Democracy and Open Finance Technology: Advancing Transparency and Consumer Digital Rights

Yudhi Priyo Amboro — 2025-12-13

This research explores the role of Open Finance in strengthening Indonesia’s digital democracy, with a focus on transparency, digital consumer rights, and data oversight. While Open Finance has the potential to increase financial inclusion through the integration of alternative data for marginalized groups, such as MSMEs and rural communities, the practice of massive data sharing risks threatening democratic principles, such as data being vulnerable to mass surveillance, algorithmic discrimination, and weak regulatory accountability. A comparative analysis of the UK (CMA Order) and Australian (Consumer Data Rights) regulatory models highlight the importance of algorithmic transparency, granular consumer control over data, and public participation mechanisms in policymaking. In Indonesia, the suboptimal implementation of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law), the digital literacy gap, and disparities in technological infrastructure are key challenges.

Criminal Law Policy on Carding in Indonesia: Addressing Legal Certainty and Regulatory Fragmentation

Wenggedes Frensh — 2025-12-30

This study examines the adequacy of legal regulations governing credit card misuse (carding) in cyberspace in Indonesia and their implications for legal certainty and law enforcement effectiveness. Using a normative juridical method, it analyzes key statutes, including Law No. 1 of 2024 (EIT Law amendment), Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, and Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, supported by conceptual and doctrinal approaches. The findings show that, although these regulations provide a general framework for addressing cybercrime, they remain fragmented and do not explicitly regulate carding as a distinct offense. This gap weakens legal certainty and limits effective enforcement. Two main issues are identified: the absence of specific criminal norms on carding and the lack of harmonization across criminal, cyber, and data protection laws. Current legal policy is also predominantly repressive, with limited preventive and victim-oriented measures.